Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) vaccines

On this page you’ll find an overview of Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) vaccines, including what they are, who can get them and why they’re important. 

  • The Hib vaccine protects against illness caused by Hib bacteria.
  • Before the wide use of Hib vaccines, it was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis and one of the biggest killers of children under five years of age.
  • The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends that all countries include Hib vaccines as part of their routine childhood immunisation programme.
  • Hib vaccines are safe, and are estimated to have saved nearly three million lives across the world by 2024. 
  • Vaccination is the best way to protect against serious illnesses caused by Hib. It’s becoming even more important as Hib antibiotic resistance grows.

What are Hib vaccines?

The Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine is also known as the Hib vaccine. It protects against illness caused by Hib bacteria. Hib is a type of bacteria that can cause a number of serious illnesses, especially in young children. Meningitis is the most severe illness caused by Hib, occurring in 50-65% of infections.1 Hib can also cause pneumonia, sepsis, epiglottitis and cellulitis.

Read more about Hib meningitis.

Before immunisation against Hib became routine, it was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis globally and one of the biggest killers of children under five years of age.2

Vaccination is the best way to protect against Hib meningitis.

Key facts

  • First introduced to a national childhood immunisation schedule in 19893, Hib vaccines saved over 2.8 million lives by 2024.4
  • It’s estimated that cases of Hib meningitis were reduced by nearly 90% globally between 2000 and 2015 as a result of widespread use of Hib vaccines.5
The Hib vaccine is a conjugate vaccine. This means it’s made from a small fragment of the sugar coating on the outside of Hib bacteria linked to a harmless protein. If you come into contact with Hib bacteria, the vaccine works by causing your body to produce antibodies to protect against infection.
 
The vaccine not only protects you, but also stops the bacteria from living in your nose and throat (known as ‘carriage’). This helps to protect the wider population from the disease by preventing the spread of the bacteria.

There are several different formulations of the Hib vaccine. Some are given as a standalone vaccine. Others are part of a ‘combination’ vaccine, which can protect against several serious diseases in one shot.

Most countries use a combination vaccine known as a pentavalent vaccine, which protects against five major diseases in one vaccine:
 
  • Diphtheria.
  • Pertussis (whooping cough).
  • Tetanus.
  • Hib.
  • Hepatitis B.
In the UK, a hexavalent vaccine known as the 6-in-1 vaccine is offered. It protects infants against six diseases:
 
  • Diphtheria.
  • Tetanus.
  • Pertussis (whooping cough).
  • Hepatitis B.
  • Poliomyelitis (polio).
  • Hib.

Who can get a Hib vaccine?

The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends that all countries include Hib vaccines in their national immunisation programmes.6 193 out of 194 WHO member states now provide the Hib vaccine to all young children as part of their national immunisation schedules.7,8

The Hib vaccine was quickly adopted by high-income countries in the early 1990s and through Gavi's Hib Initiative, lower-income countries also gained access.  All countries in the world, except for China, now have a routine childhood Hib vaccination programme.
 
The WHO recommends that the Hib vaccine is given as a series of three doses. Depending on where in the world you live, these doses are typically given as one of the vaccine schedules below:

  • Two primary doses + one booster, or
  • Three primary doses with no booster, or
  • Three primary doses + one booster.
Infants will usually get their first dose of Hib vaccine at two months of age and will typically complete the series at twelve to fifteen months of age. But the initial primary dose may be given as early as six months of age.
 
In the UK, Hib containing vaccine is offered at two, three and four months of age with a booster dose at one year.
 
You can find out about your own country’s immunisation programme at the WHO Immunization Data Portal.
 
The WHO don’t recommend Hib vaccines for children older than five years of age. However, certain health conditions can put you at higher risk of becoming seriously ill from a Hib infection. These include:

  • Having no spleen, or a spleen that doesn’t work properly.
  • Having an immunodeficiency, such as a complement system disorder.

Speak to your healthcare provider to find out if you’re eligible for a Hib vaccination because of a health condition.

Are Hib vaccines safe?

Yes, the Hib vaccine is safe. Millions of doses given to children worldwide have established an excellent safety record for the vaccine.

Tenderness or pain at the injection site is often a side effect of the Hib vaccine. But these symptoms are usually mild and go away on their own within a few days.

Serious side effects, such as a severe allergic reaction, are very rare and are no more common than for other vaccines routinely given to babies and children.

The vaccine doesn’t contain live bacteria, so there’s no risk of it causing illness.

Why is it important to take up Hib vaccines?

Hib bacteria can cause a range of illnesses. This includes mild conditions such as ear infections, as well as severe illness (also called ‘invasive Hib disease’) such as meningitis and sepsis. These infections can lead to long-term complications such as blindness, deafness, learning disabilities and sometimes death. Around 30% of survivors of Hib meningitis will be left with long-term complications and disability. 10-15% of survivors will experience severe neurologic effects.9

Hib vaccines offer the best protection against serious Hib infections, preventing millions of  disabilities and saving over 2.8 million lives since their routine introduction.10

Currently, 77% of children have had three doses of the vaccine, which is below the WHO’s 90% target. High vaccine coverage is essential to reduce the spread of the bacteria and protect the wider population through ‘herd protection.'

For many years, antibiotics have been used to treat Hib disease, including Hib meningitis. But the bacteria are finding new ways to resist antibiotics. This is known as antimicrobial resistance. It’s a growing challenge. In Europe and the US, 20-30% of Hib bacteria were found to be resistant to the antibiotic ampicillin.11 Resistant strains have now spread to all regions of the world. Vaccination is the only effective means of preventing Hib disease. It’s becoming increasingly important as Hib antimicrobial resistance grows.

Woman in an office speaking on the phone

Physical and emotional recovery from meningitis and its impact can be different for everyone. Support is available if meningitis has affected you or someone you know.

If you are in the UK or Ireland, the Meningitis Research Foundation Support Services team are ready to answer your questions.

If you are outside the UK and Ireland, our member network is the Confederation of Meningitis Organisations (CoMO). CoMO is dedicated to reducing the impact of meningitis globally, with members across the world. It is a great resource for finding support where you live.

Find a CoMO member in your country.

Frequently asked questions about Hib vaccines

Why should people have a Hib vaccine?

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a type of bacteria that can cause serious illness such as meningitis, pneumonia, epiglottitis, arthritis, pericarditis, cellulitis and infections of the bones and joints. Babies and children younger than five years old are most at risk. Serious Hib disease can cause lifelong disability and, in some cases, can be fatal.

Vaccination is the best way to protect against Hib infection. The most important thing that anyone can do to prevent serious Hib infection is to make sure they, and their loved ones, get all their vaccinations.

At what age should people have a Hib vaccine?

The Hib vaccine is given to babies and toddlers in multiple doses to protect against Hib.
 
Although vaccine schedules are different globally, infants will usually get their first dose of Hib vaccine at two months of age, a second dose at four months of age and will usually complete the series at twelve to fifteen months of age.
 
Children aged between twelve months and five years who have not previously been completely vaccinated against Hib may need one or more doses of the vaccine.
 
Vaccination against Hib isn’t recommended by the WHO for children over the age of five, as their risk of disease is much lower. 
 
However, some countries may continue to offer the vaccine for children beyond this age if they missed out on their vaccine.  For example, the UK will offer catch-up doses of Hib containing vaccine up to the age of ten for previously unimmunised children.

How effective is the Hib vaccine?

The Hib vaccine is highly effective, but no vaccine provides 100% protection. It’s important to know the symptoms of meningitis and trust your instincts. If you are worried, seek medical help immediately.

Read more about the symptoms of meningitis.

A.
  1. World Health Organization. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Vaccination Position Paper – July 2013.  Available from WER8839_413-426.PDF (who.int)
  2. Gavi The Vaccine Alliance (2021). Vaccine profiles: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Available from https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/routine-vaccines/extraordinary-impact-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-hib
  3. International Vaccine Access Centre (IVAC) August 2024. VIEW-hub Report:Global Vaccine Introduction and Implementation.  Available from https://view-hub.org/sites/default/files/2024-09/VIEW-hub_Report_August2024.pdf
  4. Shattock, A. J., Johnson, H. C., Sim, S. Y., Carter, A., Lambach, P., Hutubessy, R. C. W., Thompson, K. M., Badizadegan, K., Lambert, B., Ferrari, M. J., Jit, M., Fu, H., Silal, S. P., Hounsell, R. A., White, R. G., Mosser, J. F., Gaythorpe, K. A. M., Trotter, C. L., Lindstrand, A., O'Brien, K. L., … Bar-Zeev, N. (2024). Contribution of vaccination to improved survival and health: modelling 50 years of the Expanded Programme on Immunization. Lancet (London, England)403(10441), 2307–2316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00850-X
  5. Wahl, B., O'Brien, K. L., Greenbaum, A., Majumder, A., Liu, L., Chu, Y., Lukšić, I., Nair, H., McAllister, D. A., Campbell, H., Rudan, I., Black, R., & Knoll, M. D. (2018). Burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in children in the era of conjugate vaccines: global, regional, and national estimates for 2000-15. The Lancet. Global health6(7), e744–e757. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30247-X
  6. World Health Organization. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Vaccination Position Paper – July 2013.  Available from WER8839_413-426.PDF (who.int)
  7. International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. VIEW-hub. www.view-hub.org. Accessed March 2025
  8. Meningitis Research Foundation (MRF). (2024). Meningitis Progress Tracker.  Available from: https://www.meningitis.org/mpt Accessed March 2025
  9. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2023). Factsheet about Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease. Available from : https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/invasive-haemophilus-influenzae-disease/facts
  10. Shattock, A. J., Johnson, H. C., Sim, S. Y., Carter, A., Lambach, P., Hutubessy, R. C. W., Thompson, K. M., Badizadegan, K., Lambert, B., Ferrari, M. J., Jit, M., Fu, H., Silal, S. P., Hounsell, R. A., White, R. G., Mosser, J. F., Gaythorpe, K. A. M., Trotter, C. L., Lindstrand, A., O'Brien, K. L., … Bar-Zeev, N. (2024). Contribution of vaccination to improved survival and health: modelling 50 years of the Expanded Programme on Immunization. Lancet (London, England)403(10441), 2307–2316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00850-X
  11. World Health Organization. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Vaccination Position Paper – July 2013.  Available from WER8839_413-426.PDF (who.int)
Author: Meningitis Research Foundation.
Reviewed by: Dianne Spalding, Meningitis Research Foundation Ambassador.
Published: 7 April 2025.

Meningitis in your words: real-life stories

Meningitis affects millions of people, in all regions of the world. Through the bravery of sharing personal stories, we bring together people from every region of the world to support one another, so they are empowered to live a life beyond meningitis.
Type - Bacterial (Haemophilus Influenzae type B - Hib)
Age group - Toddler (1-3)
Outcome - Recovery with after effects

"I turned on the nightlight and looked in horror at Herbie."
Type - Bacterial (Haemophilus Influenzae type B - Hib)
Age group - Child 6-12
Outcome - Recovery with after effects

"I want people to be aware of signs and symptoms."
Type - Bacterial (Haemophilus Influenzae type B - Hib)
Age group - Toddler (1-3)
Outcome - Bereavement

Yvonne Stewart talks about the loss of her young son, Jack, to meningitis in 1999.